The mechanism of omission in Japanese
Table of Contents
1. The mechanism of omission in Japanese
2. What is a High-Context Language?
3. “ケーキは太る”？”私はコーヒー”？
4. Japanese Omission Stems from Culture and National Traits
5. Summary
6. Similar Articles
7. Comment
Q: Expressions like “ケーキは太る” (translated literally as “Cake is fat,” but meaning “Cake makes you fat”) and “私はコーヒー” (literally “I am coffee,” but meaning “I’ll have coffee”) don’t make sense in English.
Does Japanese have specific rules for omitting parts of a sentence?
A: Different languages have different ways of expression. Languages are categorized as “high-context” or “low-context”; for example, English is a low-context language, while Japanese is high-context.
There are no strict rules for omission in Japanese—context, including background information and situational cues, plays a major role in determining meaning.
What is a High-Context Language?
In high-context languages, meaning is not fully conveyed through words alone but is supplemented by context, including background information and non-verbal elements. Japanese is classified as a high-context language and has the following characteristics:
① Frequent Omission of Subjects and Objects
[Example]
明日、パーティーに行く？
Are you going to the party tomorrow?
⇒ The subject “you” is omitted because it is assumed that the listener understands they are being addressed.
② Use of Vague Expressions
[Example]
A「来週、このイベントに行かない？」
B「うーん…考えておくよ。また返事するね。」
A: “Do you want to go to this event next week?”
B: “Hmm… I’ll think about it. I’ll get back to you later.”
⇒ The response avoids a direct answer and implies the possibility of declining.
③ Meaning Changes Depending on Context or Situation
[Examples]
店員「お箸、要りますか？」
客「あ、大丈夫です。」
Shop Staff: “Would you like chopsticks?”
Customer: “Ah, I’m fine.”
⇒ While this response appears affirmative, “大丈夫” actually means “I don’t need them.”
(A child falls down)
母「大丈夫！？」
子ども「うん、大丈夫。」
Mother: “Are you okay?”
Child: “Yeah, I’m okay.”
⇒ In this case, “大丈夫” means “I’m not hurt” or “There’s no problem.”
④ Use of Euphemistic Expressions
[Examples]
A「このクイズ、難しいね。」
B「うん、難しいね。」
A: “This quiz is difficult, isn’t it?”
B: “Yeah, it’s difficult.”
⇒ Instead of directly saying “I can’t solve it,” the speaker expresses it as “難しい.”
A「次回の会議ですが、来週の9時からはいかがでしょうか？」
B「そうですね、ちょっと他の会議があって…。少し難しいですね。すみません。」
A: “About the next meeting, would 9 AM next week work for you?”
B: “Well, I have another meeting… It might be a bit difficult. Sorry.”
⇒ Here, “難しい” is a euphemism for “impossible” or “I can’t attend.”
As seen in these examples, Japanese heavily relies on context and situation, allowing meanings to be understood without direct statements.
“ケーキは太る”？ “私はコーヒー”？
These expressions may not be easily understood in English. However, from the perspective of high-context languages:
“ケーキは太る” (translated literally as “Cake is fat,” but meaning “Cake makes you fat”) falls under ① Frequent omission of subjects and objects, and “私はコーヒー” (literally “I am coffee,” but meaning “I’ll have coffee”) falls under ② Meaning changes depending on context and situation
Now, let’s identify the omitted words in each sentence:
ケーキは 食べると 太る。
Cake makes you fat when eaten.
私はコーヒー をお願いします。
I’ll have coffee, please.
With these additions, the intended meanings become much clearer.
The Context Behind “ケーキは太る“
The expression “ケーキは太る” (Cake makes you fat) is based on the common understanding among Japanese speakers that cake contains a lot of sugar → eating sugary foods leads to weight gain. Because of this shared assumption, the phrase “食べると” (when eaten) can be omitted without causing confusion for most Japanese people.
The Meaning of “私はコーヒー“
In restaurants or cafés, simply saying “私はコーヒー” is understood as “コーヒーをお願いします” (I’ll have coffee, please). This works because the conversation takes place in the context of ordering, where certain phrases like “〜をお願いします” or “〜ください” are naturally implied and can be omitted without losing clarity.
[Example]
店員: 「ご注文はお決まりでしょうか？」
客 A: 「私はコーヒー。」
客 B: 「じゃあ、私は紅茶。」
Waiter: “Have you decided on your order?”
Customer A: “I’ll have coffee.”
Customer B: “Then, I’ll have tea.”
In this exchange, even though “please” or “I’d like” are omitted, the context makes it clear that the customers are placing an order, allowing the conversation to proceed smoothly.
Japanese Omission Stems from Culture and National Traits
In high-context languages, omission is not governed by strict grammatical rules but is instead influenced by cultural and societal factors.
Japanese speakers naturally develop the ability to infer meaning based on the conversation’s context, human relationships, and social background. As a result, even when parts of a sentence are omitted, they can still understand the intended meaning from the situation.
For example, in a business setting, the phrase “少し難しいですね” (It’s a bit difficult) can imply “I can’t do it.” This reflects a cultural tendency in Japanese to avoid direct expressions and instead use ambiguity.
Similarly, in close relationships, a simple phrase like “お風呂入った？” (Did you take a bath?) can carry the implied meaning of “Have you already taken a bath? If not, you should.”
To deeply understand Japanese, it is essential to look beyond words themselves and consider the cultural background, communication style, and interpersonal dynamics that shape the language.
Summary
- Japanese is classified as a high-context language.
- Its characteristics include the omission of subjects and objects, meaning shifts depending on context, and frequent use of euphemistic expressions.
- Non-verbal elements complement meaning, with culture and national traits playing a significant role.
- Understanding not only the words but also their background and communication style is essential.
